Why is this important?

Consider the following scenario: Robert sees his primary care physician because of lower abdominal pain, an elevated temperature, and nausea. Exhaustive tests rule out abdominal obstructions and infections. An X-ray reveals a whitish spot near his right ureter. What's wrong with Robert?

Only 4 major organs are associated with the urinary system, but its functions are quite extensive. The kidneys are responsible for most urinary functions, whereas the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra primarily carry urine out of the body. You will explore the structure of the kidney and its microscopic nephrons. You will also examine the structures associated with transporting, storing, and eliminating urine.

Learning Goals

Identify the organs of the urinary system, and cite a primary function of each.
Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys.
Describe the gross structural features of the kidney, and distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Describe the segments of the nephron and collecting system, including their general functions and histological appearance.
Trace the pathway of blood flow through a kidney, and compare the pattern of blood flow in cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Briefly describe how the kidneys maintain homeostasis and produce urine.
Describe filtration, reabsorption, and secretion along each segment of the nephron and collecting system.
Describe the structural features of a renal corpuscle, and explain the functions of the filtration membrane components.
Describe the factors that influence filtration pressure and the glomerular filtration rate.
Identify the types of transport mechanisms along the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
Explain the role of countercurrent multiplication in the formation of a concentration gradient in the renal medulla.
Describe how antidiuretic hormone influences the volume and concentration of urine.
Summarize the major steps involved in water reabsorption and urine production.
Compare and contrast chronic and acute renal failure, and explain the process of hemodialysis.
Name the organs responsible for the transport, storage, and elimination of urine.
Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Describe the urine storage and urine voiding reflexes.
Describe common urinary disorders related to output and frequency.

Urinary System Lecture Notes (PDF)

Outline of Major Points

Practice Questions

Extra Resource Videos